Gaussian Mixture Model

Gaussian Mixture Model Many computer related vision technology, it is critical to identify moving objects from a sequence of videos frames. In order to achieve this, background subtraction is applied which mainly identifies moving objects from each portion of video frames. Background subtraction or segmentation is a widely used technique in video surveillance, target recognitions and banks. By using the Gaussian Mixture Model background model, frame pixels are deleted from the required video to achieve the desired results. The application of background subtraction involves various factors which involve developing an algorithm which is able to detect the required object robustly, it should also be able to react to various changes like illumination, starting and stopping of moving objects. Surveillance is the monitoring of the behaviour, activities or other changing information usually of people and often ina surreptitiousmanner. Video surveillance is commonly used for event detection and human identification. But it is not easy as think to detect the event or tracking the object. There are many techniques and papers introduced by many scientists for the backend process in the video surveillance. Different automated softwares are used for the analysis of the video footage. It tracks large body movements and objects. In this report we discuss the application of mixture of Gaussian (M.O.G) which is used as a background subtraction model in order to achieve object/target recognition; this method involves calculation the mean and standard deviation of each pixel frame which will be discussed more in detailed as the report progresses. 2. Background Subtraction (Literature Review) Figure 1 Background subtraction Flow Diagram [1] According to [1], the above figure shows the basic flow diagram on how background subtraction algorithm is based. The four important steps described by [1] and which play an important role in background subtraction are described below and include: 2.1 Preprocessing Temporal or spatial smoothing is used in the early pre processing stage to eliminate device noise which can be a factor under different light intensity. Smoothing technique also includes removing various other elements like environment such as rain and snow.   In real-time systems, frame size and frame rate are commonly adopted to reduce the data processing rate. Another key factor in preprocessing technique is the data format used by the background subtraction model. Most algorithms can handle luminance intensity which is one scalar value per each pixel.   As shown in the examples below [2]: Figure 2 Image on the left shows snowing and image on the right is a resultant of smoothing effect In the figure 2, shown are two images which shows snow on the left and whereas with the application of spatial and temporal smoothing on right image results in the elimination of snow producing an more clear and effective image for background subtraction. 2.2 Background Modeling This step uses the new video frame in order to calculate and update the background model. The main aim of developing a background model is that it should be robust against environmental changes in the background, but sensitive enough to identify all moving objects of interest. 2.3 Foreground Detection In this step, it identifies the pixels in the frame. Foreground detection compares the video frame with the background model, and identify candidate foreground pixels from the frame. Commonly- used approach for foreground detection is to check whether the pixel is significantly different from the corresponding background estimate as show below: A different foreground detection scheme is normalised threshold based statistics as shown below: Where,  µd and are the mean and standard deviation of the for all spatial locations (x,y). 2.4 Data Validation Finally, this step eliminated any pixels which are not connected to the image. It involves the process of improving the foreground mask based on the information obtained from the outside background model. Most background models lack three main points: 1. Ignoring any correlation between neighbouring pixels 2. The rate of adaption may not match the moving speed of the foreground object. 3. Non-stationary pixels, from moving leavers or shadow cast by moving objects are at times mistaken for true foreground objects. 3. Background Reading There are different types of background modelling which are as follows: 3.1 Simple Frame Difference Frame difference is considered the simplest form of background subtraction. The method involves the subtraction of previous pixel frame with current pixel frame and if the value obtained from this greater than a set threshold then it is considered as the foreground. Advantages: Less complex The method can easily and quickly adapt to changes Able to distinguish the background from foreground much affectively. Disadvantages: Not Robust, object has to continuously move. Only applicable when with fixed camera. Fails to handle illumination changes. 3.2 Moving Average Filtering Referring from [3], Moving Average filtering is a method in which an estimate value of a particular background pixel value is weighted as average of the previous values. Pixels in the far part are weighted at Zero and the weights increase smoothly.  Ã‚   3.3 Online Gaussian Model In this method, we assume the background as a Gaussian distribution rather than a single value. To calculate Gaussian for 1-D is as follows[4]: Where, x is the current pixel value,  µ is the mean of each pixel and sigma is the standard deviation of the pixel. Finally, the following equations are used in online updated of Gaussian mean and variance: In the above equations[4]:  µ(t) is the mean for each pixel where ÃŽÂ ± is the learning rate, t is the time of the previous pixel and x is the current pixel value. à Ã†â€™2(t) is the standard deviation of the each pixels. The foreground decision rule applied here is when the distance between each pixel value and Gaussian model is larger than a certain threshold, it is considered as the Foreground. 3.3 GMM Gaussian Mixture Model In order to use GMM the following equations are considered: In the above equations [4]:  µ(t) is the mean for each pixel where ÃŽÂ ± is the learning rate, t is the time of the previous pixel and x is the current pixel value. à Ã†â€™2(t) is the standard deviation of the each pixels. The description and implementation of GMM model will be discussed more in detail in the later part of the report 3.4 Codebook based Technique It is a method where a quantized and clustering technique is motivated by Kohonen to construct the background model from long observation sequences, without making any parameter assumptions. For each pixels, a codebook contains one or more codewords and mixed backgrounds can be modelled by using multiple codewords. Samples at each pixel are clustered into the set of codewords based on a color distortion metric together with a brightness ratio. [4] 4.0 Gaussian Mixture Model In this report we implement the Gaussian Mixture Model for background subtraction. This background subtraction model is more robust than other models discussed in previous section. Most importantly it can handle multi-modal situations e.g. trees and sky which is more effectively filtered by the GMM model. Each pixel value is modelled by a mixture of Gaussian rather than a particular type of distribution. Based on the variance of each of the Gaussian of the mixture, we determine which Gaussians may correspond to background colors. Pixel values that do not fix the background distributions are considered foreground until there is a Gaussian that includes them with sufficient consistent evidence supporting it [5]. This method is very adaptable with lighting changes, repetitive motions and slow moving objects. This method contains 2 main significant parameters -Alpha, the learning constant and T, the proportion of the data that should be accounted for by the background The Gaussian mixture components for a pixel have normalized weights calculated from the past observations. The likelihood that a pixel has a value of Xt is assumed to be:    [5] The parameters of the mixture components are updates with the new frames. A retrieved pixel value is compared with all the components of the mixture assigned to that pixel to find out if there is a match. A match is said to happen when the retrieved pixel value is within 2.5 times standard deviation of a mixture component. The update procedure is different for the matching component and other components. The mean values and the covariance matrices are updated for only the matching component. The value formulas for the matching components are: And the weights are updated with given formula    [6] In case there is not a match between the current pixel value and the mixture components related to that pixel .the component having the smallest likelihood with respect to the current pixel value is discarded. A new Gaussian component is created in place of the discarded one, having a mean value equal to the current pixel value, and a variance equal to a predetermined constant. To retrieve the foreground the following equation is used. Where, T is the threshold value for the sum of the weights.[6] 5.0 Algorithm In order to give a better understanding of the algorithm used for background subtraction the following steps were adopted to achieve the desired results: Firstly, we compare each input pixels to the mean mu of the associated components. If the value of a pixel is close enough to a chosen components mean, then that component is considered as the matched component. In order to be a matched component, the difference between the pixel and mean must be less than compared to the components standard deviation scaled by factor D in the algorithm. Secondly, update the Gaussian weight, mean and standard deviation (variance) to reflect the new obtained pixel value. In relation to non-matched components the weights w decreases whereas the mean and standard deviation stay the same. It is dependent upon the learning component p in relation to how fast they change. Thirdly, here we identify which components are parts of the background model. To do this a threshold value is applied to the component weights w. Fourthly, in the final step we determine the foreground pixels. Here the pixels that are identified as foreground dont match with any components determined to be the background. 6.0 Experimental Results For better results, median filter was used where the main purpose was to filter out unconnected pixels from the large connected pixels (e.g. people, vehicles) so that it was easy to distinguish between the background and foreground. With median filter the value of the output pixel is determined by the median of the neighboring pixels instead of the mean. Median has a much smaller insensitivity compared with mean to extreme values. The function used was medfilt2(A,[m n]). Figure 3 GMM Background Subtraction with high light intensity In the above image, the picture on the right shows the output of background subtraction using the GMM model. There is still false negative foreground detection which produces the disturbances in the image. Although it still shows the objects moving hence, making it suitable for object tracking. The reason for these disturbances can be narrowed down to illumination changes. Figure 4 GMM Background Subtraction with Low light intensity For the above, a short 30 second video was recorded where light intensity was moderate and the camera was still. It can be observed that the hand is visible and false negative detection is low which suggests that the model works robustly in low light intensities. From the above results, we can say that there are still improvements to be made in the algorithm mostly to work with illumination which increases the false negative background subtraction. 7.0 Further Improvements The GMM model used in this paper could be further tweaked to provide better results in terms of zero disturbances/noises. The use of morphological filters could be implemented into the algorithm to reduce these unconnected pixels which were seen in the figures above and make it more robust in object tracking. The algorithm has the capabilities of further improvements to run large size videos and importantly the ability to process more frames per seconds using larger number of Gaussians in the mixture model. Apart from the above improvements, we further plan to research the model using PTZ (Pan Tilt Zoom) technique to study the processing rate of frame/second and observe the robustness of the algorithm in terms of disturbances/noise. There are possibilities of false positive results where background could be recognised as foreground. 8.0 Conclusions In this project we implemented a very strong and widely used background subtraction method according to the paper Adaptive background mixture models for real-time tracking. This method is very adaptable for lighting changes and shadow removals. Also it finds the repetitive actions as well with the use of mixture of Gaussians. Alpha and T are the key parameters in this paper. The values of these parameters changes with the different cameras and different environment. So it is very important to get the best values for them to work with for different videos. Also we tried to improve the output quality by using some filtration methods like median filter. The guassain model is not perfect with the result since there are some disturbances after the modelling also. But there are many good post processing techniques are introduced and we referenced two of them. A new region Gaussian background model for video surveillance by Xun Cai and Long Jiang, and Improved Post-Processing for GMM based Adaptive Background Modeling by Deniz Turdu,Hakan Erdogan. But the 1st paper doesnt give any clear information about the techniques failed to explain the equations as well. Second paper introduces a very good technique and we couldnt able to get the result properly. But this assignment was very challenging for us and helped us to get a very good knowledge about different background subtraction methods used in Video surveillance. 9.0 References [1] Robust techniques for background subtraction in urban traffic video Sen-Ching S. Cheung and Chandrika Kamath, 2006/07 [2] Background Subtractions of Moving Objects https://computation.llnl.gov/casc/sapphire/background/background.html [3] Page444, Computer vision A modern approach, David A. Forsyth [4] Dr J. Zhang, CSC7006 Lecture 2 Slides, Queens University Belfast. [5] Adaptive background mixture models for real-time tracking, Chris Stafer, W.E.L Grimson [6] Improved Post processing for GMM based adaptive background modelling by Deniz Turdu, Hakan Erdogan

Prosecuting Cyber Bullying

Technology is frequently being used to display personal Information on social networking sites for everyone In the world to see. With this Instantaneous technology, the school bully has access to an easier, more harmful, and anonymous way to intimidate their victim. Cyber bullying has become a form of harassment that is creating a myriad of problems for teenagers and, therefore, needs to be dealt with properly.The sense of anonymity and the ability to disguise ones identity online increases Weber bullying activity by â€Å"making fun of, telling lies, spreading rumors, threats and sharing private Information or pictures [online]† (Lulls lines 31-32). In spite of the recent technological advancements, problems with bullying has existed for generations. At the click of a button, the threatening information that can be posted online can be seen throughout the world for anyone to see.Because more people have access to someone's private or embarrassing information, â€Å"an increa sed audience can often lead to more harmful bullying Incidents† (Macaque 27). Cyber lulling can be committed any where and at any time, therefore â€Å"the cyber bullies may not fully understand the Impact of their behavior on their victims† (Lulls line 9). Cyber bullying can negatively affect an individual and even lead to depression and thoughts of suicide. There are many well known stories of teenagers compelled to desperate, even suicidal acts after having been exposed to recurrent harassment by others online.For Instance, the devastating and well-known case off 13-year-old girl named Megan Meier, committed seclude allegedly due to cyber bullying (Macaque 141 After coming friends with a boy she met online, Megan, who had a lifelong struggle with weight and self-esteem, finally met a boy she thought she could trust. After weeks of friendly conversations online Megan was eager to strengthen their relationship by finally meeting each other in person. Flirtatious messag es from her online boyfriend â€Å"Josh† suddenly turned into disturbing and confusing remarks such as â€Å"the world would be a better place without you† (Macaque 16). Josh† even began to post spiteful comments on his site about Megan. Megan committed seclude to escape the main and humiliation she was put through (â€Å"Social Networking Web Sites† 3). Investigators soon discovered that the profile of â€Å"Josh Evans† was created by a 48- year-old woman named Lori Drew. Loris's intentions were to tease and embarrass Megan, her next door neighbor and a former friend of Loris's 13-year-old daughter (Macaque 28). This case brought national attention to the dire consequences of cyber bullying. The community was outraged and demanded charges to be brought against this mother.Lori went to court but was never convicted because there was no law against cyber bullying. Another instance of the horrific effects of cyber bullying is portrayed in the tragic s tory of 18-year-old Tyler Clementine. Tyler started his freshman year with a big future ahead of him and a great outlook on life. Invading Teller's privacy, his college roommate streamed private footage online from a WebMD that he held In their dorm (â€Å"Key Events in the History of Prosecuting Cybernetics† 8). Comments about his sexuality flooded through his inbox that night.Days after the video went viral, Tyler could not handle the embarrassment and committed suicide by â€Å"Jumping off of the George Washington Bridge† (â€Å"Prosecuting Cybernetics† par. 1). These are two highly publicized and tragic cases resulting from abuse online. There are thousands of other people that are being threatened and bullied through technology every day and no one knows about it. There is nothing positive that results from bullying, but some people still believe that cyber bullies should not be prosecuted because it is not a crime.Critics say that cyber bullying is not an issue that should have legal attention, â€Å"but a dilemma best solved by schools and parents† (â€Å"Prosecuting Cybernetics† par. 2). Many school districts throughout the country are attempting to educate their students about online safety and protection. In order to solve the problem of cyber bullying, the critics believe that schools should concentrate on â€Å"spreading messages of tolerance and civility to all young people† (â€Å"Prosecuting Cybernetics† par. 2). Another point that critics stress is that prosecuting cyber bullies violates â€Å"the First Amendment's guarantee of free speech† (Hayward 21).Opponents to the prosecution of cyber bullies need to take into account the innocent people that are being terrorized online ND their rights to protect themselves. Supporters of the prosecution of these online abusers agree that cyber bullying leads to many emotional problems for the victims. Cyber bullies purposely â€Å"target their vict ims, revealing personal information on the Internet or harassing them through frequent or threatening messages† (â€Å"Prosecuting Cybernetics† par. 16). More often than not, school administrators and parents fail to identify and stop cyber bullying before it is too late.Prosecutors need to take action in order to protect students online. Students are apprehensive to tell an adult about abuse online because they fear the bullying will only get worse. Victims feel that they are on their own in the endless abuse and â€Å"allegedly saw no choice for escape except to kill themselves† (Lulls 22). Historically, a person repeatedly bullied is not only a danger to themselves, but may even have the urge to harm others. For example, in the article â€Å"Prosecuting Cybernetics†, research has determined that â€Å"perpetrators of school violence?such as the two students who went on a shooting rampage at ColumbineHigh School in Colorado in 1999?often have a history of both bullying and being bullied themselves† (par. 31). Even though the cyber bully is not physically shoving the victim around, they are still able to instill a sense of fear and hopelessness in their victims. In order to punish cyber bullies for their conduct, new, up-to-date laws need to be passed for the protection of the innocent victim. With technology being the most popular form of communication, it is important to establish a law to â€Å"deter future bullying with a legal means to punish those who cause harm†.

The Research Paper Writing Help Diaries

The Research Paper Writing Help Diaries What You Should Do to Find Out About Research Paper Writing Help Before You're Left Behind If you are searching for the greatest professional writers for your Thesis then we are here in order to provide it for you. Thesis is actually a paper compiled by students that are pretty close from getting an instructional level. A dissertation also referred to as a thesis, is a scientific work that's presented, or defended by means of an applicant for an academic level. Thesis help demands detailed information regarding the topics you're discussing in your dissertation paper. Though there are lots of thesis help solutions, the students mostly try to find the most authentic thesis help businesses, which provide their services at quite a reasonable speed. Students may feel from the usage of giving up stories in a lot of ways. Since you are able to see, students are certain to face many challenges should they need to turn into a member of the buy essay club. Some students think that they don't require assistance and support to compose a convincing research paper. Writing help is offered by qualified and responsible writers who don't miss deadlines and are responsive to your wants and concerns. Students find the job of selecting thesis topics most difficult and they start looking for appropriate guidance. They can take help from professional thesis writing services as in the past few years the field of assignment assistance has become more productive and updated. Take a look at our price calculator to discover what your perfect price for the paper is! The review is going to teach you whatever you will need to understand and then you're able to place your purchase confidently. Your own personal information will stay completely confidential and won't be disclosed to any third party. Even then you're not able to discover the informative and accurate details. Writing is a present that comes naturally. You may visit our main Dissertation Help page for a more sophisticated description of how we can help with your work. Writing a CV may be stressful endeavor, particularly if you're starting from scratch And though there's no one-size-fits-all solution for the ideal CV, it should. Writing and updating a CV is a practical technique during job search as it enables you to keep an eye on your abilities and experience in 1 document. Research Paper Writing Help: No Longer a Mystery A Your religion research paper is going to have good effect on your general performance. Shedding the a celebrity in the beginning of a paper usually will secure the reader's interest. If you're thinking that you will need a person to compose my essay at the moment, you can merely rely on our honest reviews. Before you start to compose your essay, you should research and read widely on your topic to aid you to have a well-reasoned stance. Therefore, if you're struggling with assignment writing, then we've got a choice for you. Our qualified professionals can help you write your assignment in a really professional way. It's important to get a thorough understanding about the specification and plan of conducting a specific research even before the onset of that very research work. Your help is just a click of a button away provided that you own a computer with an online connection. Without regard to the character of your research, if you're writing a paper an outline can help you to not just organize your thoughts, it will also function as the template. Thesis help is a good solution for scholars, who value their time and nerves, and wish to be certain that they'll receive an essential score. The principal part The most important region of the thesis usually is composed of a couple of chapters. Therefore, if you discover thesis writing to be an intimidating task which requires double efforts from your endjust take it simple.

Getting Fit Dialogue and Reading

Getting fit in English refers to doing exercise in order to feel better and live a more healthy lifestyle. People often go to the gym to get in shape or get fit. While theyre at the gym theyll do a wide variety of exercises such as push-ups and sit-ups. Its important to always do stretching exercises as well, these should be done both before and after you go to the gym.   At they gym, youll fid lots of equipment such as weight lifting machines, exercise bikes, ellipticals, and treadmills. Most health clubs also offer jogging tracks and areas for aerobics, as well as classes in fitness activities such as Zumba, or spinning classes. Most gyms offer changing rooms nowadays. Some even have whirlpools, steam rooms, and saunas to help you relax and unwind your muscles after a long hard workout. The important thing to remember when getting fit is that you need to be consistent. In other words, youll need to go to the gym on a regular basis. Maybe three or four times a week. Its a good idea to do a wide range of exercises rather than focus on just one such as weight lifting. For example, do fifteen minutes of stretching and aerobics, combined with a half hour of bike riding and another fifteen minutes of weight lifting on two days of the week. On the other two, play some basketball, go jogging and use the elliptical. Varying your routine will help keep you coming back, as well as help keep your whole body fit.   In the Gym Dialogue Hello, my name is Jane and Id like to ask a few questions about getting fit.Hi, Jane. What can I do for you? I need to get in shape.Well, youve come to the right place. Have you been doing any exercise lately? Im afraid not.OK. Well start off slow. Which type of exercise do you enjoy doing? I like doing aerobics, but I hate jogging. I dont mind doing some weight-lifting, though.Great, that gives us plenty to work with. How often can you work out? Twice or three times a week would be good.Why dont we start with an aerobics class twice a week followed by a little weight lifting? Sounds fine to me.Youll need to start slowly and build up gradually to three or four times a week. OK. What kind of equipment will I need?Youll need a leotard and some sneakers. Is that all? How do I sign up for the classes?Well need you to join the gym and then you can choose which classes fit your schedule best. Great! I cant wait to get started. Thanks for your advice.No problem. Ill see you in aerobics class! Key Vocabulary from Reading and Dialogue (do) exerciseadviceaerobicschanging roomellipticalequipmentexercise bikeget fit  get in shape  joggingjoinleotardpush up  saunasign upsit-upsneakersspinning classsteam roomstretchingtreadmillunwindweight lifting machinesweight liftingwhirlpool  Zumba More Intermediate Level Dialogues Making SuggestionsOn the TelephoneSeeing a DoctorDescribing a Friend - Uses of Like

Musical Development From The 50 S - 2068 Words

Musical development from the 50’s to the present day 1950’s The 1950’s was a very important decade in the development of music as it saw the birth of rock n’ roll. Artists such as Elvis Presley and Chuck Berry took the style of playing already established in genres such as blues and country music and completely renovated it. They took the idea of a 12 bar blues pattern and sped it up and added rhythmic, catchy hooks to make the music easy to dance to. The lyrics of songs about the genre itself as well as teenage love and sex, although the latter was only referred to through slang terminology, appealed greatly to teenagers of the time due to their rebellious nature. Rock n’ roll also saw the bass guitar replacing the upright bass in most†¦show more content†¦Songs such as hound dog and jailhouse rock made him one of the most renowned performers of all time and still influence music greatly even today. While Presley was no doubt the most successful and best known artist of the decade, there are several other performers who were key figures in establishing rock n’ roll as the music of the era. Artists such as Jerry Lee Lewis, Chuck Berry and Bill Haley and the comets played an integral role in creating rock n’ roll and making it a success with songs such as Johnny B Goode and rock around the clock . 1960’s Without a doubt the most influential event in the development of music in the 1960’s was what became known as the British invasion. With the televised beatings of peaceful civil-rights protestors the American youth became disenchanted with their government and the music that was produced up until 1963 began to reflect that. After 1963 however acts that had been hugely successful in Britain began to make appearances in America, most notably the Beatles. The band, later known as the fab four, became an overnight success in the states and very few American artists maintained any semblance of popularity as a result of the ensuing beatlemania as it

Wit by Margaret Edson Free Essays

Wit Every student has at some point in his or her educational career had a teacher that seemed completely unreasonable and immune to any sympathy towards the student. In the play Wit by Margaret Edson the main character is Dr. Vivian Bearing who is an esteemed professor of early 17th century poetry and fits the bill of the hard-nosed stubborn professor. We will write a custom essay sample on Wit by Margaret Edson or any similar topic only for you Order Now This character is diagnosed with cancer and the play is about her treatments and battle with the cancer that ultimately at the end of the play leads to her death. Throughout the play itself Dr. Bearing goes through many trials and tribulations and her interactions with the audience, doctors, former students, and herself all show how she goes through stages in order to come to terms with her illness. In the first stage of the play where Vivian is initially diagnosed she shows signs of defiance, which gives the play a real life scenario feeling because it is natural to be in denial for a person under her circumstances. She feels as if she can beat this disease and get back to teaching as soon as possible. There are many of times that she tells the doctors (and audience) to keep giving the highest dosing of chemotherapy. Dr. Bearing understands what she is going to go through and is in terms with that on an intellectual level. She even reads books on medical terminology so as to not feel inferior to the doctors when they are reading her charts to her. This also shows the sense of denial and ignorance Dr. Bearing has to the big picture. And this big picture is that in the end she will die. All her life she has been studying and she relates to the two doctors in that way because they are taking her as information and data and she respects that in the beginning. Her attitude toward being treated as data begins to change and she begins to resent that feeling. Then she has a flashback to a certain point in her teaching career that she was the same way with her students. This one particular student asked for an extension on a paper because he had to travel home due to his grandmother dying. Dr. Bearing responds by saying, â€Å"Do what you want, but the paper is due when it is due. † This flashback hits home to her because she understands how the student felt because she is now being treated that way by the doctors which angers her. Throughout the play there is one character that sees Dr. Bearing as a human being, not just data. This is Susie, the head nurse assigned to care for Vivian. These two have an interesting relationship. The entire time Dr. Bearing is in the hospital no one visits her and really Susie is the only person actually caring for her. In the beginning of the play it seems that the main character is annoyed by Susie in a way because at times she corrected her and despised the question of, â€Å"How are you feeling today? † This slowly begins to change and the relationship switches when Susie tries to talk to Dr. Bearing about reducing the chemotherapy treatments. Both of the characters realize now that the cancer is not diminishing and is continually spreading so Susie is showing compassion by not simply labeling her and wanting her to suffer in order to collect more data. Dr. Bearing comes to terms with this and enters a stage of depression. During this part of the play Vivian distances herself from human contact even more and spends her days simply in bed alone, only having little communication with Susie. The last emotion Dr. Vivian Bearing goes through is that of recognition. This last part of the play also shows the development and trust in the relationship between Susie and Bearing. Dr. Bearing tells Susie, not her head doctor, family member, or anyone else that she wants to be labeled as a DNR (Do Not Resuscitate) patient. A decision like this is generally talked over between a patient and family or the head physician but Vivian sees that Susie is the only person who cares for her in some way at this point in her life basically. The characters throughout the play help Dr. Bearing come to terms with her illness, whether it is positively or negatively. The former student of hers’ and when she told that story to the audience showed her how she was missing that feeling of compassion both for and now towards her. While she does not regret how she taught she realizes that she should have treated the students better because she is feeling how they felt with how the doctors are treating her now. In the end it is Susie who helps Dr. Bearing grasp and accept the fact that she is going to die, but she will not die alone now because of her knew friend Susie and that is what Dr. Bearing has been searching for all along, company and support. How to cite Wit by Margaret Edson, Papers

Ethical Challenges of Leadership Sustainability †MyAssignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about the Ethical Challenges of Leadership Sustainability. Answer: Introduction: The current report is all about explaining the difference between the project leadership and the role of management in handling and managing particular projects these two terms are slightly related to each other as it depicts the skills and traits of an individual in showing their attributes in managing a project. The research study stresses on the adjusting ability of the project managers in utilizing all the tools and techniques of the 21stcentury that shows their flexibility in changing the entire structure of the project with the changes takes places in the external environment.[1] The current study was based on the research question in which comparison was made between the project leadership and project management skills and traits. This report is related to the fulfilling of 21stcentury needs and expectations of an entity by applying different leadership styles in managing all the personnel working on a single or more than one project. The role of a leader is to create coordina tion among its workforce by assigning all the tasks and duties to its employees according to their interest in sustaining all of them in the same project for the longest time.[2] A focus of the report lies in proving the correctness of the research question by getting reliable facts and figures related to the current stream. The author further commented on this section that the condition of the modern generation with the event of the global financial crisis that decreases all sources of income and also affected the available resources held with different economies of all across the world[3]. This action of the event has increases the unwanted changes in the environment globally that creates complexities and the difficulties faced by the project owners.[4] Using project leadership boosted the condition of the firms in upgrading its skills in attracting external as well as internal users of the business. A leader motivates its followers in completing is duty within a short span of time as all the subordinates represent its leader and its guidance in marketing the products or services offered by an entity among all the customers. The objectives of this assignment are to ensure the quality of services delivered by an entity to all the external users by implementing project leadership techniques in an enterprise. The quality of a leader creates its unique identity among all the managers working in an entity as a leader is the only people who thinks about their followers and take actions o improve the working conditions of all its followers and employees in enhancing their productivity.[5] The action of a leader has dual advantages for both employees as well for the businesss increasing productivity of workers will, in turn, induces the singular efficiency of all the employees working for the betterment of the business in generating higher goals as the objectives in lesser time period. The results came out through this method stares that leader think about its followers and employees while resolving a particular issue but at the same time, managers emphasize on eliminating the issue without thinking about the sake of the employees as the focus of a manager lies in meeting the order of the top management.[6] As per human tendency, receiving rewards and compensation induces the performance of an individual from the normal condition as this enhances the speed to achieve the higher target to get the pride and recognition in front of all the employees working at a similar level.[7] Table 1: Data base extration Keyword Databases Journal Leader Wiley online library Moye, Neta, Rose Mueller?Hanson, and Claus Langfred. "Assessment for Leader Development."The Wiley Blackwell Handbook of the Psychology of Recruitment, Selection and Employee Retention(2017): 353-375. Manager Wiley online library Block, Peter.The empowered manager: Positive political skills at work. John Wiley Sons, 2016. Duties of manager Journal of human resource management McCracken, Martin, Paula O'Kane, Travor C. Brown, and Mark McCrory. "Human resource business partner lifecycle model: exploring how the relationship between HRBPs and their line manager partners evolves."Human Resource Management Journal27, no. 1 (2017): 58-74. Literature Review Entire research is based on evaluating the difference among the role of a leader and a manager in coping with the changes takes laces in the external environment. Current researchfavoursleader as the most suitable person as a leader fulfils all its responsibilities in the most suitable manner by considering the views and opinions of the top management, manager and all its followers working in a single team.[8] Data collected in this research states that leader has different perspective as compared to manager in an entity as they think about the betterment of all the employees. A leader uses democratic style and a manager uses autocratic management style to order all the employees to complete the work with or without interest. This research emphasizes on exploring the condition of a leader and a manager working in a similar firm as the qualities both the individuals are different from each other. A leader always takes initiatives to inspire their followers in accomplishing all the tasks and duties within a stipulated time period but on another hand, a manager focuses only on the accomplishment of the work by ordering their subordinates without thinking about all the employees.[9] This assignment emphasizes on the meeting of changing needs of the 21stcentury through project leadership. They encourage the spirit of all the employees in striving hard to meet all the targets in a less time as compared to all the competitors. Healthy competition has started in an entity due to the existence of a leader in a business. Manager of the firm will only emphasize on the accomplishment of all the tasks and duties without taking care of the employees as their focus only lies on completing the task to improve its image i n front of the top management as the managers adopt rigid attitude just to complete all the tasks. The data of this research also suggest that the action of a manager creates frustration, dissatisfaction, and de-motivation among the employees as thinking about the business is not good as every form is a collaboration of all the users of the firm who make up the company together. Selfish attitude of the managers will increase the staff turnover in an entity that reduces the goodwill and entire customer base of the firm in the external environment. On the contrary to it, action of a leader is very different from the act of the managers as a leader inspires its followers by decreasing its workload, explaining the importance of work by allotting all kinds of work to nurture the hidden qualities of all the employees guidance of a leader will shape the present as well as the future of all the workers working under the guidance of a leader.[10] A supervisor fight against the firm for the rights of its employees which increases its respect among all their team memoirs as their focus is on building team synergy among all the members of a team. The literature review is based on different keywords such as leader, manager, duties of manager and the role of a leader in an entity that answers the research question. The literature review shows the importance of a leader as the current research question is about adapting to the external market changes takes places in an enterprise. The author has explained various pieces of evidence that reflect the role of a leader against the manager in an entity. Project leadership and role of the project manager explained in the literature review favours a leader is true as higher staff turnover in an entity gets reduces with the existence of a leader.[11] A supervisor motivates its users in staying more time in an entity as a leader assigns tasks and duties to all the users according to their interests to accomplish all the tasks in a given span of time.[12] Project manager judges the capability of project personnel on their performance but in a project leadership concept, a project leader interacts with the followers in resolving all their issues. References Alessandro, Laureani, and Jiju Antony. "Leadership characteristics for lean six sigma."Total Quality Management Business Excellence. (2017). 28, no. 3-4 405-426. Shumkov, Y. A., and L. A. Vidovskiy. "THE TASK OF PROJECT MANAGMENT."Polythematic Online Scientific Journal of Kuban State Agrarian University(2016). all the references should be listed at the end of the report the current version is wrong. Anderson, Marc H., and Peter YT Sun. "Reviewing leadership styles: Overlaps and the need for a new full?rangetheory."International Journal of Management Reviews. (2017). 19, no. 1 76-96. John M., Nicholas, and Herman Steyn.Project management for engineering, business and technology. Taylor Francis, 2017. Doris, Schedlitzki, Pasi Ahonen, Paresh Wankhade, Gareth Edwards, and Hugo Gaggiotti. "Working with language: A refocused research agenda for cultural leadership studies."International Journal of Management Reviews. (2017). 19, no. 2 237-257. Kerzner, Harold.Project management metrics, KPIs, and dashboards: a guide to measuring and monitoring project performance. John Wiley Sons, 2017. Baptista, Amilcar, Fernando Santos, Jos Pscoa, and Nadja Sndig. "Project Management Methodologies as Main Tool for Current Challenges in Global Economy Driving Historical Changes."Journal of Advanced Management science4, no. 2 (2016). Angela, Carbone and et..al., "Assessing distributed leadership for learning and teaching quality: a multi-institutional study."Journal of Higher Education Policy and Management. (2017). 39, no. 2 183-196. Sharma, Garima, and Anand Kumar Jaiswal. "Unsustainability of sustainability: cognitive frames and tensions in bottom of the pyramid projects."Journal of Business Ethics(2017): 1-17. Kakar, Adarsh Kumar. "Investigating the Prevalence and Performance Correlates of Vertical Versus Shared Leadership in Emergent Software Development Teams."Information Systems Management. (2017). 34, no. 2 172-184. Owusu, Francis, Ezekiel Kalipeni, Nicholas Awortwi, and Joy Mueni Maina Kiiru. "Building research capacity for African institutions: confronting the research leadership gap and lessons from African research leaders."International Journal of Leadership in Education. (2017). 20, no. 2 220-245. Johnson, Craig E.Meeting the ethical challenges of leadership: Casting light or shadow. Sage Publications, 2017.