Client Assessment Report in Counseling Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4250 words

Client Assessment Report in Counseling - Essay Example He was able to overcome his castration anxiety and identify with his father. However as he grew up, his father expected him to take over the family business. This did not feature in his ambitions since he had a strong desire to start his own IT firm which he went on to do. Conscientiousness as one of the five factors found in Goldberg’s trait theory of personality deals with the assessment of an individual’s degree of organization, persistence, and motivation in goal-directed behavior. Dickson being high in conscientiousness seemed to be what created the wedge in the relationship with his father and therefore it crumbled. It was because of this that Dickson found himself sinking into a depressed state. Dickson is the only son in a family of three of which he is the middle born child. According to Alfred Adler; the birth order was seen to influence the formation of the personality of an individual. Being a middle born the universal traits expected to feature in Dickson i ncluded independence on behavior. Alfred advanced that middle born less closely identify with the family because they receive less attention compared to the first or last born children. They, therefore, learn to look out for themselves and they tend to report having been less loved as a child. His older sister who is eight years his senior is a successful figure in her father’s family business. This heightened the pressure to join the family business even more and his refusal to do so was just seen to be much worse because as a boy, he is expected to have been socialized by his father to take up the role of the head of the family business. The age difference also put a strain on the sibling relationship between him and both his sister. This is because even his younger sister was ten years younger than he was. Age difference affects sibling relationships whereby, the contextual influences e.g. the environmental influences vary with different generations. Growing up, Dickson en joyed spending most of his time reading and studying in order to excel in his studies with the sole purpose of making his father proud. His introverted lifestyle allowed him to get very good grades all through his school life but this came at a high price. It denied him the chance of socially interacting with his peers who at the adolescent stage are key agents of socialization or the way in which orientation to the society normally occurs. Studies by Dunn and Plomin et al (1990) have shown that peer groups influence an individual into acceptance of new rules of behavior and provide lasting experiences for personality. Dickson, therefore, missed out on the opportunity to learn various ways of how interaction with others besides his father occurs. Dickson grew up looking up to his father who he saw as his role model. In Albert Bandura’s social learning theory; it was advanced that children learn through observational learning or what is alternatively referred to as modeling.

Ancient Rome Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Ancient Rome - Essay Example The paper tells that the wonders of ancient Rome are many. It is easy to understand why historians feel that this society was the highpoint of the ancient world. This opinion is supported by the fact that so much of ancient Rome is still alive today in the cultures of the West. One way that the ancient Romans have affected the world is through the invention of the republican form of government. Their conversion of Greek direct democracy into a system of government that allowed the masses to participate while incorporating checks and balances to protect against corruption is a marvel. Many of the liberal representative democracies in Europe and North America are based in some way on the Roman Republic. Consuls, tribunes and the senate have modern counterparts in the House of Representatives, Senate and President in the United States. This form of government has spread all over the world thanks to the focus on individual and human rights that must be protected in order for this sort of democracy to work. Another way the Romans influenced our current world is through their focus on the rule of law. Roman laws were codified in The Twelve Tables. This became a foundation for all of Roman law that was to be enacted throughout the empire. The Roman emphasis on the rule of law ensured that justice could be guaranteed for all Roman citizens throughout the Roman Empire. This security encouraged trade and travel all over the Empire. Establishing the rule of law helps many Western nations today ensure that all citizens are treated fairly regardless of race or religious affiliation. A final influence that can be seen in America specifically is the connection between religion and politics. It is campaign season in America, and even though the Constitution of the United States declares freedom of religion, the religious and moral beliefs of the candidates is of great importance. It is reported in the news almost daily. Roman politicians were among the first to manipulate the religious beliefs of the population in an effort to win votes. The modern politics of religion have their origins with the orators and politicians of the Roman Republic and the Roman Empire. In class we talked about the ‘cradles of civilization’ we discussed four major ones, what are the similarities of these areas and are they the only ones? Along with the cradles of civilization what are the general characteristics of ‘complex societies or civilizations’? Physical geography is the major unifying feature of the ‘cradles of civilization’. Civilization started in geographic locations where a food surplus was easy to obtain. All of civilization is founded on the ability to raise more food than each individual farmer needs. This excess food leads to specialization of labor and provides the means for the beginnings of trade. All early civilizations started in places where some outstanding physical feature allowed for the creation of surplus food. I n the case of the earliest civilizations, the physical feature was a river valley. The Sumerians in Mesopotamia were supported by the Tigris and Euphrates, the Harappans had the Indus, the Egyptians had the Nile and the Chinese had the Huang He. Rivers provided a source of food through fishing and irrigation for crops. As civilization developed, they also provided a means of transportation. Physical geography also affected later civilizations such as the Greeks and the Romans. Access to fertile, grain producing regions in Sicily and Crimea caused much of the imperial expansion and diplomatic intrigue for both of these civilizations. As each of these river valley civilizations grew, they developed certain characteristics that all complex civilizations seem to share. The first of these is a means of social stratification that is possibly justified or explained through religious beliefs and teachings. This is seen in Egypt through the

The Issue Of Handphone In School English Language Essay

The Issue Of Handphone In School English Language Essay   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Handphone has become indispensable gadget, an absolute necessity for both adults and children. Like every other invention of man, whether or not to allo the use of handphones in Malaysian schools is not an easy yes-or- no issue. This is the dilemma of the authorities.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   If properly used, the handphone can bring more benefits than harm especially to children. When television first made its debut in the 1960s, everybody imagined that it would have a negative effect on children. Parents fret over their childrens addiction to the idiot box and the neglect of their studies. Their fears were unfounded as they soon found that if strictly contolled, the television was as harmless as the radio or the gramophone.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In more recent times, the same anxiety greeted the advent of computers, especially the Internet. Today, the Internet has becomean essential tool and we cannot imagine a life without computers. Like the computers, the handphone has many advantages, while an abuse of it can have disastrous results. Handphones are useful tools of communication. Parents and children can keep in touch with each other and any last mintue change of plans can be conveyed easily without any trouble to either party. Some children however, cite this as a loss of privacy as parents will have a 24-hour access to their children   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Parents say the handphone is more than a convenience-it is an essential item that can function as a tracker divece. With it they can monitor their children and check on their whereabouts via satelite. Thus, from whereevr they are, paretns can ensure the safety of thier children and avoid incidents like kidnapping and such crimes.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Education Ministry officials, school authorities and many parents believe that allowing handphones in schools would only widen the disparity between the haves and the have-nots among students. Handphones come in a variety of shapes, colours and function:from generic ones to highly sophisticated ones that double up as camers, video cameras and palm tops. Not every child in school comes from middle or upper class families that can afford to buy each child a handphone. The self esteem of children who do not own a handphone or who possess a basic one wii be affected. Low esteem among students would cause a rift among children. Cliques, jealousy and rivalry would result. This unhealthy situation should not be nurtured in a school. Instea, the school environment should promote equal opprotunities and equal treatment.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Another reason for the strong outcry against allowing studentsto bring handphones to school is the distraction it poses. SMSes, games and ringing tones are some of the distractors that take the students attention away from the lesson. Children being children will not be able to resist the temptation of answering calls and sending messages when they should be listening to the teacher or classes, the games available on the phone is something the students would resort to after classes to overcome boredom.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Apart from diverting students attention, the handphones can threathen the validity of school examinations. Students may cheat durin examinations via text messages. Information or answers can be passed from one student to the next while examiners may be totally oblivious of the cheating that happen.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Finally, even adults find it hard to exercise social etiquette and discretion in the use of handphones, therefore children cannot be expected to do any better. Despite explicit messages in movies threatres, at meetings and at formal meetings, we still hear phones ringing away. School administrators and discipline teachers would find it difficult to to effectively prohibit students from using their phones during lessons.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   If Ministry of Education lifts the ban on handphones, schools may come up with new rules or guidelines to control the use of the handphone. Inevitably, teacher will be burdened with the task of monitoring the use and misuse of the handphone. All this is additional stress for teachers who are already loaded with heavy responsibilities. The Malaysian school system has thrived so far even with handphones being banned from schools. Why sudden change of heart? http://ngkwdaniel.spaces.live.com/blog/cns!61F13D5E0ECD31F0!521.entry Cell Phones at School: Should They Be Allowed? by Maya Cohen The question of whether cell phones should be allowed in schools has been hotly debated over the years. Most school administrations regard cell phone use as disruptive and distracting, and have implemented policies that prohibit using them on school grounds. There are benefits to giving your kids cell phones for use outside of school, but before you add them to your family plan, read the pros and cons: The Pros You can be in touch with your children, and know their whereabouts. Your kids can reach you in the event of an emergency, and vice versa. If in danger, your children can reach the authorities or a medical provider. Phones can be silenced during class or study periods, and active only in appropriate places. Cell phones create a convenience that was previously unavailable. With cell phones, you can easily reach your kids for any reason: to ask them questions, change plans, or to simply say hello. The Cons Students often forget to turn off their phones in class, and ringing noises or text-message alerts disrupt learning. Even if set to silent, cell phones can still cause distraction, since text messaging has become a high-tech method of passing notes in school. Students have been known to use cell phones to call in bomb threats to schools, to avoid or condense class time. In the event of a widespread crisis, rampant cell phone use can overload communication systems and render them inoperable. Student cell phone networks add to the spread of rumors and misinformation, which can be harmful during a widespread crisis. Phones can be used as cheating devices during exams. The long-term physical effects of cell phone use are still undetermined. There are compelling arguments on both sides of the debate, and both enthusiasts and critics make convincing points. What do you think? Take our poll: POLL: Should schools allow cell phones? In fact, the real decision regarding cell phones lies with parents. Short of checking each and every backpack, school officials can only enforce cell phone bans if they catch a student with a prohibited device. Would you allow your child to bring a cell phone to school? Share your opinion in our poll: http://life.familyeducation.com/cellular-telephones/school/51264.html By MALLIKA VASUGI WHEN initial reports about students being allowed to use handphones in schools were first released, many teachers were incredulous.    There were already enough problems in schools where the ruling against handphones was strictly enforced. With the lifting of the ban, all hell was bound to break loose.    We shuddered in our staff rooms, imagining the consequences.    It was a great relief therefore when the announcement to renew the handphone ban came shortly after that although there were a few raised eyebrows and wry comments passed about the now its on-now its off thing.    During the period between the first and second announcements, many letters to the editor were written and opinions given about the ruling both in favour of, and against, the bringing of handphones to schools.    While teachers were generally opposed to the idea, some parents were pleased.    Times have changed, one parent wrote. We need to keep in touch with our children. How else will they reach us in case of emergencies?    http://thestar.com.my/archives/2006/2/5/education/09cartoon.jpg One colleague remarked, The way some parents go on, you would think their offspring came into the world clutching handphones to their ears.    Many teachers laughed quietly when further restrictions on the use of the handphone were outlined.    Only during break time, in the canteen or school compound, not during lessons.    As teachers smack in the middle of this issue, with first-hand knowledge of the problems caused by handphones despite school rules against it, it is difficult not to be sceptical. Besides being an effective examination cheating tool and major distraction during the teaching-learning process, handphone text messages have also replaced the classic love-letter to the girl in the last row.    Thats an understatement, said another friend who is the discipline master in his school.    Remember the old school boy trick of yesteryear involving strategically placed pencil-sharpener mirrors. Just imagine what they can do with camera-phones these days.    And do you know what the worst part is?    Some of the models in the lewd, almost pornographic, camera-phone shots are our students. Makes you wonder what the root of all this moral decadence is, doesnt it?    Of course banning the handphone in schools does not mean all these problems are going to be solved. Cheaters will still cheat and inappropriate behaviour in girl-boy relationships will still continue.    Besides, asked another parent, Wouldnt it be unfair to students who genuinely need to have the handphone with them? What about kids with medical problems who need to be in constant contact with their parents?    School administrators have never been unaware of this situation and for that reason, there are always teachers on duty everyday to deal with emergencies such as sending students home, to the hospital, contacting parents and so on.    Some schools I know even allow students to bring their handphones to school but they have to turn the phones in to the school authorities throughout the school session.    You know what really amazes me? said my discipline teacher friend.    Every time we conduct a spot-check and confiscate handphones, parents who have never attended any school function, never turned up on open day to check on their childs progress throughout the school year, are at the school office within half an hour of notification, pleading with us to return the handphones to their children.    Another point brought up by the no handphones in school proponents was the possible feelings of resentment, envy or even feelings of inferiority which may arise when students begin comparing handphone models in schools.    Like most of our material possessions that start out as needs, handphones have become a sort of status symbol for some.    Parents know this when their teenagers tearfully plead for the over RM1,000 model that every other kid has.    Imagine a kid who applies for the Textbook Loan Scheme because his father earns less than RM1,000 a month, sitting next to a student flashing the latest Nokia N90 which cost his dad RM2,500.    Most of us teachers especially, are glad that the issue is finally settled and the ban remains effective.    But we know some of the negative comments that are bound to be made by those less satisfied with the ruling.    Teachers should not blame handphones for discipline problems.    It is the teachers job to ensure students pay attention in class and do not play with handphones. Teachers should not shirk their responsibilities or pass the buck, and so on and so forth.    I wish someone would teach us teachers how to keep a student awake in class when he has been working part-time until 2am to pay for the luxury items he needs, handphones of course being at the top of the list.    While we are at that, I also wish someone would teach us teachers how to prevent students from using vulgarities in school when they use them all the time at home.    Or tell them it is not okay to cheat although this allows them to get what they want.    Or that it is morally wrong to flash an expensive Samsung D500 in front of another kid whose parents cannot afford to give him lunch money.    http://www.mobile88.com/news/read.asp?file=/2006/2/5/20060205000212sec=cover%20story By KAREN CHAPMAN PETALING JAYA: The Education Ministrys decision to lift the ban on handphones in schools from this year has generally caused an uproar.    Director General of Education Datuk Dr Ahamad Sipon cited the increasing number of students owning handphones due to cheaper service charges and handsets as the reason for lifting the ban.    Basically, the Education Ministry does not want to prevent the usage of handphones in school. But their use by both teachers and students must be controlled so that the teaching and learning process is not disrupted, he said in a circular.    RING IT IN Yim Pheng Lets not panic unnecessarily with the lifting of the ban. Lets see what happens first. If there are problems as a result of the directive, I am sure the Education Ministry can then review the situation.    Schools should also have their own rules on the matter.    SMK La Salle (Petaling Jaya) principal A Rajenthran I welcome the ministrys lifting of the ban. We allowed students to bring their handphones last year for convenience and security reasons.    Many parents want to be able to contact their children. They also want their children to be able to contact them in case of an emergency.    We set up a process where students who want to bring their handphones can do so, but they have to first register with us.    We cannot run away from the fact that handphones make things extremely convenient these days.    Parent Abu Kadir Abdullah, 49 All of us in the family keep in touch with each other via handphones, so in this ICT (information and communication technology) age, having handphones will help us communicate faster better.    Parent K.K. Wong, 43 In this day and age where both parents are busy working until late in the day they have to depend on the handphone to keep in touch with their children in school. It is no more just a gadget to show off, it has become a necessity.    Many parents can attest to the fact that it has helped them in their lives. School authorities should make sure students help us communicate faster and better.    CALL IT OFF Parent V. Gunasekaran I am really scared for my daughter. Some IT savvy boys may take funny pictures of girls and circulate them through the MMS. The Ministry should have a rethink.    Senior assistant Mary Goh We have a strict ban on handphones. I really dont see a need for students to bring them to school. There are enough public telephones in school and if there is an emergency, they can always use the office telephone.    Although we are very strict, and will confiscate the phones if we catch them with one, some still manage to sneak them into school. Its really not a good idea.    Principal Suzana Ahmad I am concerned because bringing handphones to school will distract students from concentrating on their studies.    Students are here to learn but they may be unable to resist the urge to check their phones for messages every now and then.    After teaching for many years in urban schools, I can tell you that children in these areas can be very sneaky and may put their phones on silent mode in class.    Teacher R. Usha I agree it is not a good move. I am worried about the impact on those who do not have handphones.    Children from wealthier backgrounds may possess state-of-the-art phones while the poorer ones may have something simpler or none at all. This will cause jealousy and may even result in thefts. http://www.mobile88.com/news/read.asp?file=/2006/1/12/20060112213741sec=news

The Humane Work of Nurses & Voluntary Aid Detachments during WW1 :: World War I History

The Humane Work of Nurses & Voluntary Aid Detachments during WW1 The dictionary describes the word " humane " as ... "...humane adj. Kind, compassionate, merciful." and this was indeed so in the case of the volunteers who worked tirelessly to ease the suffering of the wounded soldiers of all combatants in the fields of northern France and Belgium, during the First World War. In the early days of the war, army nursing was strictly a male preserve, until it was necessary to recruit female nurses from the ranks of middle and upper class ladies. The warm summer days preceding the outbreak of war lent an air of adventure to the proceedings, and the feeling was that the coming conflict would be fought in a similar fashion to the previous cavalry and infantry- based battles of the nineteenth century. A few months intensive combat would be sufficient and everyone would be back in time for Christmas dinner. Similarly, these ladies were caught up in the initial fervour of patriotism, and being prohibited from fighting at the Front, were keen to "do their bit" for their country and their soldiers. Tired of knitting items of clothing destined for the trench es, they wanted to do something a little more substantial. The concept of `noblesse oblige` was suddenly revived as many stately homes and country houses opened their doors to wounded officers in need of convalescence, and everyone wanted to be seen in a nurse`s uniform. Indeed there were many well- connected aristocratic ladies who set up their own private ambulance groups, much to governmental consternation. The Dowager Duchess of Sutherland, through her contacts and single-minded determination, assisted the wounded at Namur, and used the fact that she was previously acquainted with both the German commandant and aide-de-camp to pester them for safe passage to Maubeuge. She wanted to get through the enemy lines to tend the Allied troops, but the commandant of Maubeuge put an escorted charabanc at her disposal and sent her to Ostend. The Millicent Sutherland Ambulance reached Renaix where the officer in charge sent them with a military escort to Brussels, where the American Ambassador, arranged for an American journalist to escort the party, with two German soldiers, to The Hague and thence Flushing and home. The publicity generated by her escapades set up an efficient and much- needed Red Cross hospital outside Calais. Women especially were keen to take up "the great adventure" because, for them, that` s exactly what it was. The Humane Work of Nurses & Voluntary Aid Detachments during WW1 :: World War I History The Humane Work of Nurses & Voluntary Aid Detachments during WW1 The dictionary describes the word " humane " as ... "...humane adj. Kind, compassionate, merciful." and this was indeed so in the case of the volunteers who worked tirelessly to ease the suffering of the wounded soldiers of all combatants in the fields of northern France and Belgium, during the First World War. In the early days of the war, army nursing was strictly a male preserve, until it was necessary to recruit female nurses from the ranks of middle and upper class ladies. The warm summer days preceding the outbreak of war lent an air of adventure to the proceedings, and the feeling was that the coming conflict would be fought in a similar fashion to the previous cavalry and infantry- based battles of the nineteenth century. A few months intensive combat would be sufficient and everyone would be back in time for Christmas dinner. Similarly, these ladies were caught up in the initial fervour of patriotism, and being prohibited from fighting at the Front, were keen to "do their bit" for their country and their soldiers. Tired of knitting items of clothing destined for the trench es, they wanted to do something a little more substantial. The concept of `noblesse oblige` was suddenly revived as many stately homes and country houses opened their doors to wounded officers in need of convalescence, and everyone wanted to be seen in a nurse`s uniform. Indeed there were many well- connected aristocratic ladies who set up their own private ambulance groups, much to governmental consternation. The Dowager Duchess of Sutherland, through her contacts and single-minded determination, assisted the wounded at Namur, and used the fact that she was previously acquainted with both the German commandant and aide-de-camp to pester them for safe passage to Maubeuge. She wanted to get through the enemy lines to tend the Allied troops, but the commandant of Maubeuge put an escorted charabanc at her disposal and sent her to Ostend. The Millicent Sutherland Ambulance reached Renaix where the officer in charge sent them with a military escort to Brussels, where the American Ambassador, arranged for an American journalist to escort the party, with two German soldiers, to The Hague and thence Flushing and home. The publicity generated by her escapades set up an efficient and much- needed Red Cross hospital outside Calais. Women especially were keen to take up "the great adventure" because, for them, that` s exactly what it was.

No More Privacy Rights for Employees in the Workplace

Privacy is the quality of being secluded from the presence or view of others, the condition of being concealed or hidden. The concept of privacy in the workplace however, is not only about the literal application of the word. The privacy in the workplace concept stems from every employee’s desire to be protected in terms of their individual expression of life choices and lifestyles that are considered irrelevant to their employment. The claim for privacy rights of employees is anchored on what they perceived to be good, proper, and just in the workplace. Privacy in the workplace has become a core value of employees.Privacy in the workplace like health is considered a right and is treasured by almost everyone. Though privacy rights in the workplace does not appear in the U.S. Constitution nor is guaranteed under the Privacy Act 1988 (Cth), yet it spawns endless constitutional arguments and simultaneously increased employees clamor for privacy in the workplace. Today, said conce pt has become a major issue and has even rise to international prominence with the growth of information and surveillance technologies especially adopted by organizations initially to ensure security and safety of the employees and the greater majority. After the fateful event on September 11, 2001, business organizations adopted other measures that further strengthen their security and safety, yet these also work to diminish privacy of employees in their workplace.The initial intention of the adoption of security measures like background checking, drug testing, and the use of technological monitoring devices in the workplace was also later expanded as means of predicting, monitoring, and evaluating productivity and efficiency of employees in their respective work. These become part of management style of almost all organizations to secure their investments and the people. However, employees viewed these to have eradicated their right to privacy in the workplace.The use of technolog y is so prevalent in the corporate world that it lessens if not at all diminishes privacy in the workplace. The widely accepted and practiced E-mail monitoring, video surveillance, computerized tracking systems, genetic screening, workplace alcohol drug testing, and the use of said information by employers are viewed to have significantly eroded privacy of employees.According to Jeremy Gruber, legal director of the National Workrights Institute, an advocacy for human rights in the workplace that â€Å"there is a very little, if any, privacy in the workplace especially in the private sector. Privacy is one of the most violated principles in the American-workplace. He further said that people are aware to a degree how much monitoring goes in the workplace, but most individuals are unaware of how pervasive the lack of privacy is† (Crane, 2005). This observation then fuelled many employees to demand for protection of their privacy rights.The growth of surveillance technologies ha s really impacted the modern corporate workplace. Employees viewed this trend to have increased the ability of employers to monitor and gather information on their personal circumstances and backgrounds that are irrelevant to their work. Studies have shown that monitoring employees electronically and in other ways is a growing part of the way American companies do business nowadays.Accordingly, employees’ private and public lives dissolve as the institution of the latest technologies in the management system of companies enables both the government and employers to intrude into the private affairs of the employees. It allows government and employers to gather data about them anytime and anywhere. Technological monitoring is so pervasive that it rarely differentiates between business and professional information. It does not work to specific information that is of public or employer’s concern only but also to other data available.The increasing variety of security measu res and workplace surveillance measures are viewed to have contributed to the atmosphere of lack of trust amongst workers, supervisors, and management. As such, these are not conducive to good organizational outcomes or productivity contrary to what employers intended and believed. Health problems of employees like stress, extreme anxiety, depression, hypertension, and others are even associated with the employees’ experience of having their personal affairs in the workplace and their performance technologically monitored by their employers.However, the above-mentioned considerations of employees relative to the adverse effect of security measures and technology on their privacy rights can be viewed constructively. One must only be open-minded about its positive effect to the whole organization. Background checking, drug testing, and other security measures are time and money consuming, yet it can help ensure safety not only to the employees but also to the whole organization .On the other hand, technology possesses the ability to change the workplace and the business world. It can unleash even the most powerful transformation. Thus, if constructively used and viewed, technology has also positive impact in the development of an organization and in the protection of its investments and resources. It can facilitate strict observance and compliance of company’s rules and regulations as well as the employee’s code of conduct, and professionalism. Employees must be aware that an employment does not give them the right to do whatever they wish within the workplace. Every employment carries a responsibility for employees to conduct themselves in a manner conforming to the policies and culture of the organization.Indeed, adopting new trends in the hiring process as well as technology in performance monitoring is vital to keep abreast with the demands of the changing environment. Today, an organization should adopt technological changes to stay comp etitive and to continue existence. Opting not to adopt these management approaches and styles can be viewed as an option to stagnation. Investment of the organization is then futile if it chooses to operate in a backward manner in this information age.The new trends in the employment process and monitoring procedure are rightful exercise of management prerogative. Management’s ultimate goal in the adoption of these approaches is to increase efficiency and productivity in the workplace as well as ensuring safety and security of everybody. Being so, adoption of technology and technologic monitoring of employees bring advantages that will redound to the benefit of the greater majority. Technology help promote safety and security as well as protect investments and assets of the organization. Technology has deterrent effect to employees who indulge in personal affairs or activities even while in the workplace. Technology’s impact sets imperceptible boundaries between privat e affairs of employees and those that are relevant in the performance of their responsibilities in the organization.Also, the increasing concern about productivity and the need for quality improvements in industries have highlighted the importance of effective selection and hiring process that can be efficiently facilitated through the adoption of latest technology. In order to get rid of unqualified applicants, it is of utmost necessity that selection process is designed in a manner that will also gather and generate information beyond what are usually presented by applicants. Today, the conduct of background check and the current trend for drug and alcohol testing requirement of would-be employees are widely accepted by employers as means of ensuring that they have the right people on board.These processes may be are tedious and would entail cost but are viewed by employers as worth the effort and the investment of time and money as this guarantees a certain level of efficiency in the hiring process. These technological means would control and safeguard the interest and safety of the whole organization against unqualified and unscrupulous applicants or employees. However, to avoid claims of bias, it is imperative that an organization is completely transparent about the reasons for setting up the said hiring process. Management should be able to justify the necessity of the inclusion of technology in the hiring process and in the human resource management system of the company.For most companies, an employees’ handbook is a working bible that enumerates the dos and donts in the company. As such, it can be used as an effective tool to make every employee of the organization become aware of the existence and the rationale of the adoption of certain security measures and the use of technological monitoring devices.The employees’ handbook should precisely explain its advantages and disadvantages. An employee cannot claim deprivation of privacy right s in the workplace once he is made aware of policies relative to it from the very start of employment. It must be noted that this stage is crucial for both the employer and prospective employee. Once the employee is aware of said measures and technology as being part of the management system of the organization, he has the option to continue or discontinue the employment.If the employee is not comfortable with the arrangement, he can always forego the employment and look for another company that does not adopt new trends in technology as part of the management of their organization. However, should the employee pursue the employment, he has technically waived his right to question intrusion of his privacy. Indeed, the employees’ handbook can help facilitate transparency between employers and employees.It must be noted also that any company has the right to set the rules and regulation affecting the conduct of all persons within its premises. The management has the prerogative to adopt measures that ensure the smooth and peaceful conduct of its business and facilitate the creation of a productive atmosphere. Management has the right to demand observance of utmost professionalism in the workplace where employees separate personal from their professional affairs and responsibilities.Technological monitoring devices can aid management in the objective evaluation of employees’ performance, productivity, and professionalism. However, employers must also afford employees with proper orientation of their management style and training for employees’ efficiency and productivityLastly, as traffic on the â€Å"information superhighway† continues to explode employees will also continue to clamor privacy rights in their workplace. Thus, employers must endeavor to delineate workers rights to privacy and reconcile those with efficient and effective management of the organization. Employers must clearly identify the boundaries between employees righ t to privacy in the workplace and the employers right to protect the interest of the organization. Employers must also realize that there are ways of weeding out bad and non-productive employees without shutting the dignity of the good employees through the indiscriminate use of technology in the workplace. Like health and safety in the workplace, employees are also entitled to a degree of privacy.ReferencesCrane, A. (2005). Workplace privacy? Forget it! Retrieved March 21, 2007Hodges, A. (2006). Bargaining for privacy in the unionized workplace. International Journal ofComparative Labour Law & Industrial Relations, 22(2), 147-182. Retrieved, February 25,2007, from the Business Source Complete Database.Tabak, F., & Smith, W. (2005). Privacy and electronic monitoring in the workplace: A model of  managerial cognition and relational trust development. Employee Responsibilities &Rights Journal, 17(3), 173-189. Retrieved Sunday, February 25, 2007, from the BusinessSource Complete Data base.The National Privacy Principles in the Privacy Amendment (Private Sector) Act 2000: as at  10/01/2001 No More Privacy Rights for Employees in the Workplace Privacy is the quality of being secluded from the presence or view of others, the condition of being concealed or hidden. The concept of privacy in the workplace however, is not only about the literal application of the word. The privacy in the workplace concept stems from every employee’s desire to be protected in terms of their individual expression of life choices and lifestyles that are considered irrelevant to their employment. The claim for privacy rights of employees is anchored on what they perceived to be good, proper, and just in the workplace. Privacy in the workplace has become a core value of employees.Privacy in the workplace like health is considered a right and is treasured by almost everyone. Though privacy rights in the workplace does not appear in the U.S. Constitution nor is guaranteed under the Privacy Act 1988 (Cth), yet it spawns endless constitutional arguments and simultaneously increased employees clamor for privacy in the workplace. Today, said conce pt has become a major issue and has even rise to international prominence with the growth of information and surveillance technologies especially adopted by organizations initially to ensure security and safety of the employees and the greater majority. After the fateful event on September 11, 2001, business organizations adopted other measures that further strengthen their security and safety, yet these also work to diminish privacy of employees in their workplace.The initial intention of the adoption of security measures like background checking, drug testing, and the use of technological monitoring devices in the workplace was also later expanded as means of predicting, monitoring, and evaluating productivity and efficiency of employees in their respective work. These become part of management style of almost all organizations to secure their investments and the people. However, employees viewed these to have eradicated their right to privacy in the workplace.The use of technolog y is so prevalent in the corporate world that it lessens if not at all diminishes privacy in the workplace. The widely accepted and practiced E-mail monitoring, video surveillance, computerized tracking systems, genetic screening, workplace alcohol drug testing, and the use of said information by employers are viewed to have significantly eroded privacy of employees. According to Jeremy Gruber, legal director of the National Workrights Institute, an advocacy for human rights in the workplace that â€Å"there is a very little, if any, privacy in the workplace especially in the private sector. Privacy is one of the most violated principles in the American-workplace. He further said that people are aware to a degree how much monitoring goes in the workplace, but most individuals are unaware of how pervasive the lack of privacy is† (Crane, 2005). This observation then fuelled many employees to demand for protection of their privacy rights.The growth of surveillance technologies h as really impacted the modern corporate workplace. Employees viewed this trend to have increased the ability of employers to monitor and gather information on their personal circumstances and backgrounds that are irrelevant to their work. Studies have shown that monitoring employees electronically and in other ways is a growing part of the way American companies do business nowadays.Accordingly, employees’ private and public lives dissolve as the institution of the latest technologies in the management system of companies enables both the government and employers to intrude into the private affairs of the employees. It allows government and employers to gather data about them anytime and anywhere. Technological monitoring is so pervasive that it rarely differentiates between business and professional information. It does not work to specific information that is of public or employer’s concern only but also to other data available.The increasing variety of security meas ures and workplace surveillance measures are viewed to have contributed to the atmosphere of lack of trust amongst workers, supervisors, and management. As such, these are not conducive to good organizational outcomes or productivity contrary to what employers intended and believed. Health problems of employees like stress, extreme anxiety, depression, hypertension, and others are even associated with the employees’ experience of having their personal affairs in the workplace and their performance technologically monitored by their employers.However, the above-mentioned considerations of employees relative to the adverse effect of security measures and technology on their privacy rights can be viewed constructively. One must only be open-minded about its positive effect to the whole organization. Background checking, drug testing, and other security measures are time and money consuming, yet it can help ensure safety not only to the employees but also to the whole organizatio n.On the other hand, technology possesses the ability to change the workplace and the business world. It can unleash even the most powerful transformation. Thus, if constructively used and viewed, technology has also positive impact in the development of an organization and in the protection of its investments and resources. It can facilitate strict observance and compliance of company’s rules and regulations as well as the employee’s code of conduct, and professionalism. Employees must be aware that an employment does not give them the right to do whatever they wish within the workplace. Every employment carries a responsibility for employees to conduct themselves in a manner conforming to the policies and culture of the organization.Indeed, adopting new trends in the hiring process as well as technology in performance monitoring is vital to keep abreast with the demands of the changing environment. Today, an organization should adopt technological changes to stay com petitive and to continue existence. Opting not to adopt these management approaches and styles can be viewed as an option to stagnation. Investment of the organization is then futile if it chooses to operate in a backward manner in this information age.The new trends in the employment process and monitoring procedure are rightful exercise of management prerogative. Management’s ultimate goal in the adoption of these approaches is to increase efficiency and productivity in the workplace as well as ensuring safety and security of everybody. Being so, adoption of technology and technologic monitoring of employees bring advantages that will redound to the benefit of the greater majority. Technology help promote safety and security as well as protect investments and assets of the organization. Technology has deterrent effect to employees who indulge in personal affairs or activities even while in the workplace. Technology’s impact sets imperceptible boundaries between priva te affairs of employees and those that are relevant in the performance of their responsibilities in the organization.Also, the increasing concern about productivity and the need for quality improvements in industries have highlighted the importance of effective selection and hiring process that can be efficiently facilitated through the adoption of latest technology. In order to get rid of unqualified applicants, it is of utmost necessity that selection process is designed in a manner that will also gather and generate information beyond what are usually presented by applicants. Today, the conduct of background check and the current trend for drug and alcohol testing requirement of would-be employees are widely accepted by employers as means of ensuring that they have the right people on board.These processes may be are tedious and would entail cost but are viewed by employers as worth the effort and the investment of time and money as this guarantees a certain level of efficiency i n the hiring process. These technological means would control and safeguard the interest and safety of the whole organization against unqualified and unscrupulous applicants or employees. However, to avoid claims of bias, it is imperative that an organization is completely transparent about the reasons for setting up the said hiring process. Management should be able to justify the necessity of the inclusion of technology in the hiring process and in the human resource management system of the company.For most companies, an employees’ handbook is a working bible that enumerates the dos and donts in the company. As such, it can be used as an effective tool to make every employee of the organization become aware of the existence and the rationale of the adoption of certain security measures and the use of technological monitoring devices. The employees’ handbook should precisely explain its advantages and disadvantages. An employee cannot claim deprivation of privacy rig hts in the workplace once he is made aware of policies relative to it from the very start of employment. It must be noted that this stage is crucial for both the employer and prospective employee.Once the employee is aware of said measures and technology as being part of the management system of the organization, he has the option to continue or discontinue the employment. If the employee is not comfortable with the arrangement, he can always forego the employment and look for another company that does not adopt new trends in technology as part of the management of their organization. However, should the employee pursue the employment, he has technically waived his right to question intrusion of his privacy. Indeed, the employees’ handbook can help facilitate transparency between employers and employees.It must be noted also that any company has the right to set the rules and regulation affecting the conduct of all persons within its premises. The management has the prerogati ve to adopt measures that ensure the smooth and peaceful conduct of its business and facilitate the creation of a productive atmosphere. Management has the right to demand observance of utmost professionalism in the workplace where employees separate personal from their professional affairs and responsibilities. Technological monitoring devices can aid management in the objective evaluation of employees’ performance, productivity, and professionalism. However, employers must also afford employees with proper orientation of their management style and training for employees’ efficiency and productivityLastly, as traffic on the â€Å"information superhighway† continues to explode employees will also continue to clamor privacy rights in their workplace. Thus, employers must endeavor to delineate workers rights to privacy and reconcile those with efficient and effective management of the organization. Employers must clearly identify the boundaries between employees r ight to privacy in the workplace and the employers right to protect the interest of the organization. Employers must also realize that there are ways of weeding out bad and non-productive employees without shutting the dignity of the good employees through the indiscriminate use of technology in the workplace. Like health and safety in the workplace, employees are also entitled to a degree of privacy.ReferencesCrane, A. (2005). Workplace privacy? Forget it! Retrieved March 21, 2007, fromhttp://www.workrights.org/in_the_new_bankrate.htmlHodges, A. (2006). Bargaining for privacy in the unionized workplace. International Journal ofComparative Labour Law & Industrial Relations, 22(2), 147-182. Retrieved, February 25,2007, from the Business Source Complete Database.Tabak, F., & Smith, W. (2005). Privacy and electronic monitoring in the workplace: A model ofmanagerial cognition and relational trust development. Employee Responsibilities &Rights Journal, 17(3), 173-189. Retrieved Sunday, F ebruary 25, 2007, from the BusinessSource Complete Database.The National Privacy Principles in the Privacy Amendment (Private Sector) Act 2000: as at10/01/2001

Police Culture and Its Influence to Their Behavior Essay

Introduction In today’s American society in policing are a set of fundamentals that helps set the law and keep everything in order or at least try too. We will be discussing the police culture and the significance stress in policing. In addition, we will also analyze the culture for women and the ethnic minorities. Also, on how they can achieve equality in law enforcement for women. Moreover, we will be going more in depth with internal and external mechanism that control police discretion. Analyze Police Culture, including the Significance of Stress in Policing There are many factors that contribute to the stress of a police officer. Some of these factors are as follows: dangers of the job itself, the probability of advancement or a lack of advancement opportunities, family, and any vice that he or she may be influenced by. Along with any other responsibilities that he or she may have. The culture to deal with these stresses is to speak to another police officer. At times this is encouraged because the other officer is your partner and probably the only one who will be able to relate to what the officer is going through. Police officers are always under stress because of the nature of their profession. In any case, they will need to make a split second decision that will be evaluated again and again by people in a controlled environment with none of the dangers or necessary immediate response that the officer was subjected to. This results in intense scrutiny by superiors, peers and the public. The result of this stress manifest itself though health related issues such as chronic illnesses, poor performance at work, failure to be a productive member of the family and unfortunately suicide. The police departments have made great strides in being able to detect an officer who is in need of help  and have conducted studies into how stress affects police officers. During their studies they have discovered that Officers who reported high levels of stress had a link to heart disease, depression, anxiety, somatization and posttraumatic stress disorder. They also discovered a strong relationship between work related stress and alcohol abuse (Gershon et al.2009). Police departments can help by having an engaged leadership in which they know their officers and know to look for the signs that someone needs help. Police department can also mitigate these issues by taking preventive measures by educating the officers to develop coping mechanisms to help alleviate the daily stress that builds up in some people. Woman and Minorities in policing today Employment discrimination on the basis of race, ethnicity, or sex is illegal in the United States this is due to the passing of title VII of the 1964 Civil Rights Acts. In 1n 1972 the Equal Employment Opportunity Act extended the coverage of the 1964 law to state, local, and government which included the police and sheriff’s departments (Walker, S., katz, C.M. , 2011). The employment of minorities and woman officers have increased significantly over the last forty years. A useful tool in measuring the ratio of minority groups in a law enforcement agency is the (CALEA) which means Commission on Accreditation for Law Enforcement Agencies. The recommendations of CALEA is that law enforcement agencies have a ratio of minorities employed in approximate proportion to the diversity of the agency. Another useful tool that is useful to measure employment in law enforcement is the Equal Employment Opportunity Index. This measurement tool is used to compute the relationship between the racial diversity in the community and how this reflects the racial diversity in police departments that serve that particular area (Walker, S., katz, C.M. , 2011). For example, a police department in southern parts of the United States may hire more African American officers because of the racial makeup of a particular city being serviced at that time. There is still however, an underrepresentation of African American police officers in some states. According to (AolJobs.com) there was a serious problem with the Boston Police Department in 2010. According to the article there was discriminatory hiring practices being used to eliminate out minorities applicants. â€Å"The city is about 24 percent  black according to the 2010 census but of the 51 Lieutenants on the force just two are black men and of the 23 Captains The only black man retired yesterday† (Gorden, 2012). The Article shows that even today discr imination is still alive and well and is still existing in some police departments across America today. Because of the rapidly changing population in some parts of the United States employment of Hispanic and Latino officers have increased. Being able to speak with the public when dispatched to a call is very important. Being able to speak Spanish or know a foreign language can be a very important asset to a police department. Because a police officer of a different racial ethnicity can respond to citizens who may not speak English and may be able to effectively communicate within their own racial group this is a very important asset to most police departments. Because of that fact most Hispanic and Latino officers are highly recruited by some police departments. Because of the changing face of law enforcement in the last 40 years woman are becoming police officers in higher rates today. Old policies that discriminated woman officers have been changing over the last 40 years. For example, rules on hairstyles and officers who become pregnant while actively being a police officer has changed. The federal Discrimination Act prohibited Employment discrimination on the basis of pregnancy, childbirth, or any other pregnancy-related medical conditions (Walker, S., katz, C.M. , 2011). There still is a long way to go in the hiring of more woman police officers. Woman police officers are still underrepresented compared to men in police departments across the United States. Some of the reason diversity is so important in the police work force environment for minorities and woman is improvement of public service to different racial and gender groups, and also to improve the image of the police departments as a fair and equal employer. This will lead to better police –community relations and better work environment for police departments in general. Internal and External Mechanisms that Control Police Discretion Many writers have a tried to define â€Å"police discretion† but the most widely used definition is the following: A police officer or police agency may be said to exercise discretion whenever effective limits on his, or her, or its power leave the officer or agency free to make choices among possible courses of action or inaction. This very well written description of the said subject was written by Kenneth Culp  Davis in his book â€Å"Discretionary Justice† from (1969). What he meant by that is not very hard to comprehend . Mr. Davis believes that when an officer has a choice over how to respond to a specific problem or situation that police officer is said to have discretion or choice. The big word to remember is choice. Another definition used for â€Å"police discretion† states: Discretion is defined as an official action by a criminal justice official based on that individual’s judgment about the best course of action. So what do some police officers take into consideration when making the decision to arrest or not to arrest? Well, according to research the seriousness of the alleged offense is one of the most important factors that police officers take into consideration when deciding whether to arrest a suspect as one might expect. For example, an officer is most likely to arrest an individual for assault or robbery than a minor petty offense. Another reason an officer might lean more towards arresting an individual is safety. For example, if the officer believes that an individual might pose a threat to himself or to others then he or she might be inclined to deescalate the situation by removing or incapacitating the said suspect. Another factor that plays a part in whether or not an officer makes an arrest is the attitude of the suspect, believe it or not. For example if the suspect appears aggressive or disrespectful when stopped or being questioned. Other factors that influence discretionary decisions are the strength of the evidence, characteristics of the victim, relationship between victim and suspect but the most controversial factor, by far, is taking the minority status into account to the offence or â€Å"racial profiling†, as it is more generally called. Some factors that inhibit the officers’ discretionary ability are official department policies, the informal organizational cultures of the department, the local political culture. But at the end of the day, the decisions made by individual officers still determine who is arrested and who is not. Despite the dawn of mandatory arrest policies and other influences, the final decision is theirs and theirs alone. Conclusion In conclusion, we have discussed and analyzed police culture and the significance of stress while policing, women and minorities in policing today, and finally internal and external mechanisms that control public discretion. The Police profession as a whole is one that can go from one  extreme of emotion to another. Policing is often many hours of boredom to chaos in a moment’s notice, because of this a police officer’s career is marked frequently with encounters of danger and reckless abandon. The issues that society has directly affects the police officer negatively impacting his or her psyche. As the pressure of duty rises police officers often experience anger, depression, and or delusion. Because of this stress, over a period of time, can build up, and cause psychological indispositions that may strain an officer’s relationship with family or friends, or worse co-workers. These psychological indispositions can lead to an officer to quit, retire early, or e ven worse, become abusive or suicidal. The importance of women and minorities in policing today are vast. Because employment discrimination is against the law in the United States, the addition of women and minorities have improved the police force throughout the country. Although there are some discrepancies in hiring certain ethnicity’s, as a whole, the police forces of America are continuing in an upward climb. Because of changes in policy, women are able to not only become police officers but also maintain the status of being a mother. The importance of minorities within the policing community is important with the make up of America rapidly changing it allows police to communicate with the community effectively and efficiently. Police discretion although there is no clear definition of what it is, have internal and external mechanisms which control it. Policing officer’s always have a choice when it comes to making a decision (even split second). What the main control of police discretion is always relies upon the police officer to be calm clear minded and professional especially in this day and age where every move an officer makes is either filmed or recorded and scrutinized. References Grant, H. B., & Terry, K. J. (2012). Law enforcement in the 21st century (3rd ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson. Jobs.aol.com/articles/2012/02/15/black-police-officers-sue-boston-for-discrimination Law Enforcement in the 21st Century, Third edition Walker, S., & Katz, C. M. (2011). The police in America: An introduction (7th ed.). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.

Provide a description of the v essays

Provide a description of the v essays Provide a description of the value of ICT under the following headings: ...the word-processing computer was the greatest invention ever: it almost seemed to do the work for me. Kevin Mcgowin - http://xavier.xu.edu:8000/~polt/mcgowin.html Writing a letter, an essay, or even a book, has never been easier thanks to the introduction of word processing. The number of advantages over pen and paper are enormous. Presentation is made easy by the inclusion of features such as: Wordwrap, Justification, Indents, Alignment etc. Also errors are easier to find and mend thanks to these features: Spell Check, Grammar Check, Find and Replace. Research by Mr. Kevin Cunningham quite clearly states that not only does word processing make the writing process easier, students say it helps them pay more attention to Grammar, spelling, and even what they are writing about. Fully 88% of the students believed the computer helped them to improve their writing skills Kevin Cunningham - http://iteslj.org/Articles/Cunningham-CALLWriting/ Another huge advantage of word processing is having the ability to print off as many copies as you like, without the laborious time consuming task of rewriting them. The main purpose of spreadsheets like Gnumeric is to collect information in a coherent manner, perform calculations on the information and then be able to update those calculations easily if the original numbers change. Gnumeric Manual - gnome.org/projects/gnumeric/doc/quick-data.html As a music student, spreadsheets could be used to catalogue sheet music and recordings, making it easier to find out exactly what is in your backlog of music. Also when insuring instruments, it is effortless to keep a record of instruments insured, serial numbers, and value. The spreadsheet can calculate a total value of the instruments. Also, if you were to add another instrument, the total value would automa...